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//! A crate for performing GeoIP lookups using the Tor GeoIP database.
// @@ begin lint list maintained by maint/add_warning @@
#![allow(renamed_and_removed_lints)] // @@REMOVE_WHEN(ci_arti_stable)
#![allow(unknown_lints)] // @@REMOVE_WHEN(ci_arti_nightly)
#![warn(missing_docs)]
#![warn(noop_method_call)]
#![warn(unreachable_pub)]
#![warn(clippy::all)]
#![deny(clippy::await_holding_lock)]
#![deny(clippy::cargo_common_metadata)]
#![deny(clippy::cast_lossless)]
#![deny(clippy::checked_conversions)]
#![allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)] // See arti#2556
#![deny(clippy::debug_assert_with_mut_call)]
#![deny(clippy::exhaustive_enums)]
#![deny(clippy::exhaustive_structs)]
#![deny(clippy::expl_impl_clone_on_copy)]
#![deny(clippy::fallible_impl_from)]
#![deny(clippy::implicit_clone)]
#![deny(clippy::large_stack_arrays)]
#![warn(clippy::manual_ok_or)]
#![deny(clippy::missing_docs_in_private_items)]
#![warn(clippy::needless_borrow)]
#![warn(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
#![warn(clippy::option_option)]
#![deny(clippy::print_stderr)]
#![deny(clippy::print_stdout)]
#![warn(clippy::rc_buffer)]
#![deny(clippy::ref_option_ref)]
#![warn(clippy::semicolon_if_nothing_returned)]
#![warn(clippy::trait_duplication_in_bounds)]
#![deny(clippy::unchecked_time_subtraction)]
#![deny(clippy::unnecessary_wraps)]
#![warn(clippy::unseparated_literal_suffix)]
#![deny(clippy::unwrap_used)]
#![deny(clippy::mod_module_files)]
#![allow(clippy::let_unit_value)] // This can reasonably be done for explicitness
#![allow(clippy::uninlined_format_args)]
#![allow(clippy::significant_drop_in_scrutinee)] // arti/-/merge_requests/588/#note_2812945
#![allow(clippy::result_large_err)] // temporary workaround for arti#587
#![allow(clippy::needless_raw_string_hashes)] // complained-about code is fine, often best
#![allow(clippy::needless_lifetimes)] // See arti#1765
#![allow(mismatched_lifetime_syntaxes)] // temporary workaround for arti#2060
#![allow(clippy::collapsible_if)] // See arti#2342
#![deny(clippy::unused_async)]
#![deny(clippy::string_slice)] // See arti#2571
#![allow(recursion_depth_exceeding_limit)] // arti#2715, rust/issues/159228
//! <!-- @@ end lint list maintained by maint/add_warning @@ -->
// TODO #1645 (either remove this, or decide to have it everywhere)
#![cfg_attr(not(all(feature = "full")), allow(unused))]
use crate::dense_range_map::DenseRangeMap;
pub use crate::err::Error;
use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter};
use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv6Addr};
use std::num::{NonZeroU16, NonZeroU32};
use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
use std::str::FromStr;
use std::sync::{Arc, OnceLock};
mod dense_range_map;
mod err;
/// A parsed copy of the embedded database.
#[cfg(feature = "embedded-db")]
static EMBEDDED_DB_PARSED: OnceLock<Arc<GeoipDb>> = OnceLock::new();
/// A two-letter country code.
///
/// Specifically, this type represents a purported "ISO 3166-1 alpha-2" country
/// code, such as "IT" for Italy or "UY" for Uruguay.
/// It does not include the sentinel value `??` that we use to represent
/// "country unknown"; if you need that, use [`OptionCc`]. Other than that, we
/// do not check whether the country code represents a real country: we only
/// ensure that it is a pair of printing ASCII characters.
/// Note that the geoip databases included with Arti will only include real
/// countries; we do not include the pseudo-countries `A1` through `An` for
/// "anonymous proxies", since doing so would mean putting nearly all Tor relays
/// into one of those countries.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct CountryCode {
/// The underlying value (two printable ASCII characters, stored uppercase).
/// The special value `??` is excluded, since it is not a country; use
/// `OptionCc` instead if you need to represent that.
/// We store these as `NonZeroU16` so that an `Option<CountryCode>` only has to
/// take 2 bytes. This helps with alignment and storage.
/// (We use a `NonZeroU16` rather than `[NonZeroU8; 2]` to ensure that every
/// bit representation is a valid `Option<CountryCode>`.)
inner: NonZeroU16,
}
impl CountryCode {
/// Make a new `CountryCode`.
fn new(cc_orig: &str) -> Result<Self, Error> {
/// Try to convert an array of 2 bytes into a NonZeroU16.
#[inline]
fn try_cvt_to_nz(inp: [u8; 2]) -> Result<NonZeroU16, Error> {
if inp[0] == 0 || inp[1] == 0 {
return Err(Error::BadCountryCode("Country code contained NULs".into()));
Ok(u16::from_ne_bytes(inp)
.try_into()
.expect("zero arrived surprisingly"))
let cc = cc_orig.to_ascii_uppercase();
let cc: [u8; 2] = cc
.as_bytes()
.map_err(|_| Error::BadCountryCode(cc))?;
if !cc.iter().all(|b| b.is_ascii() && !b.is_ascii_control()) {
return Err(Error::BadCountryCode(cc_orig.to_owned()));
if &cc == b"??" {
return Err(Error::NowhereNotSupported);
Ok(Self {
inner: try_cvt_to_nz(cc).map_err(|_| Error::BadCountryCode(cc_orig.to_owned()))?,
})
/// Get the actual country code.
/// This just calls `.as_ref()`.
pub fn get(&self) -> &str {
self.as_ref()
impl Display for CountryCode {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
write!(f, "{}", self.as_ref())
impl Debug for CountryCode {
write!(f, "CountryCode(\"{}\")", self.as_ref())
impl AsRef<str> for CountryCode {
fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
/// Convert a reference to a NonZeroU16 to a reference to
/// an array of 2 bytes.
fn cvt_ref(inp: &NonZeroU16) -> &[u8; 2] {
// SAFETY: Every NonZeroU16 has a layout, alignment, and bit validity that is
// also a valid [u8; 2]. The layout of arrays is also guaranteed.
//
// (We don't use try_into here because we need to return a str that
// points to a reference to self.)
let slice: &[NonZeroU16] = std::slice::from_ref(inp);
let (_, slice, _) = unsafe { slice.align_to::<u8>() };
slice
.expect("the resulting slice should have the correct length!")
// This shouldn't ever panic, since we shouldn't feed non-utf8 country
// codes in.
// In theory we could use from_utf8_unchecked, but that's probably not
// needed.
std::str::from_utf8(cvt_ref(&self.inner)).expect("invalid country code in CountryCode")
impl FromStr for CountryCode {
type Err = Error;
fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
CountryCode::new(s)
/// Wrapper for an `Option<`[`CountryCode`]`>` that encodes `None` as `??`.
/// Used so that we can implement foreign traits.
#[derive(
Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, derive_more::Into, derive_more::From, derive_more::AsRef,
)]
#[allow(clippy::exhaustive_structs)]
pub struct OptionCc(pub Option<CountryCode>);
impl FromStr for OptionCc {
match CountryCode::new(s) {
Err(Error::NowhereNotSupported) => Ok(None.into()),
Err(e) => Err(e),
Ok(cc) => Ok(Some(cc).into()),
impl Display for OptionCc {
match self.0 {
Some(cc) => write!(f, "{}", cc),
None => write!(f, "??"),
/// The type of an ASN.
type Asn = NonZeroU32;
/// A database of IP addresses to country codes.
#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
pub struct GeoipDb {
/// The IPv4 subset of the database, with v4 addresses stored as 32-bit integers.
map_v4: DenseRangeMap<u32, CountryCode, Asn>,
/// The IPv6 subset of the database, with v6 addresses stored as 128-bit integers.
map_v6: DenseRangeMap<u128, CountryCode, Asn>,
impl GeoipDb {
/// Make a new `GeoipDb` using a compiled-in copy of the GeoIP database.
/// The returned instance of the database is shared with `Arc` across all invocations of this
/// function in the same program.
pub fn new_embedded() -> Arc<Self> {
Arc::clone(EMBEDDED_DB_PARSED.get_or_init(|| {
use tor_geoip_db as db;
fn cvt_ccs(ccs: &'static [Option<NonZeroU16>]) -> &'static [Option<CountryCode>] {
// SAFETY: CountryCode is a repr(transparent) for NonZeroU16.
let (pre, data, post) = unsafe { ccs.align_to::<Option<CountryCode>>() };
assert!(pre.is_empty());
assert!(post.is_empty());
data
let map_v4 = DenseRangeMap::from_static_parts(db::ipv4s(), cvt_ccs(db::ipv4c()), None);
let map_v6 = DenseRangeMap::from_static_parts(db::ipv6s(), cvt_ccs(db::ipv6c()), None);
Arc::new(
// It's reasonable to assume the one we embedded is fine --
// we'll test it in CI, etc.
GeoipDb { map_v4, map_v6 },
)
}))
/// Make a new `GeoipDb` using provided copies of the v4 and v6 database, in Tor legacy format.
pub fn new_from_legacy_format(
db_v4: &str,
db_v6: &str,
include_asn: bool,
) -> Result<Self, Error> {
let discard_asn = !include_asn;
let map_v4 = DenseRangeMap::try_from_sorted_inclusive_ranges(
db_v4
.lines()
.filter_map(|line| parse_line::<u32>(line).transpose()),
discard_asn,
)?;
let map_v6 = DenseRangeMap::try_from_sorted_inclusive_ranges(
db_v6
.filter_map(|line| parse_line::<Ipv6Addr>(line).transpose()),
Ok(Self { map_v4, map_v6 })
/// Return the database in a raw format suitable for embedding.
/// This method and the format it returns are unstable.
/// This method should only be used for maintaining the database.
#[cfg(feature = "export")]
#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
pub fn export_raw(&self) -> RawGeoipDbExport {
let (ipv4_starts, ipv4_ccs, ipv4_asns) = self.map_v4.export();
let (ipv6_starts, ipv6_ccs, ipv6_asns) = self.map_v6.export();
RawGeoipDbExport {
ipv4_starts,
ipv4_ccs,
ipv4_asns,
ipv6_starts,
ipv6_ccs,
ipv6_asns,
/// Get a 2-letter country code for the given IP address, if this data is available.
pub fn lookup_country_code(&self, ip: IpAddr) -> Option<&CountryCode> {
match ip {
IpAddr::V4(v4) => self.map_v4.get1(&v4.into()),
IpAddr::V6(v6) => self.map_v6.get1(&v6.into()),
/// Determine a 2-letter country code for a host with multiple IP addresses.
/// This looks up all of the IP addresses with `lookup_country_code`. If the lookups
/// return different countries, `None` is returned. IP addresses that fail to resolve
/// into a country are ignored if some of the other addresses do resolve successfully.
pub fn lookup_country_code_multi<I>(&self, ips: I) -> Option<&CountryCode>
where
I: IntoIterator<Item = IpAddr>,
{
let mut ret = None;
for ip in ips {
if let Some(cc) = self.lookup_country_code(ip) {
// If we already have a return value and it's different, then return None;
// a server can't be in two different countries.
if ret.is_some() && ret != Some(cc) {
return None;
ret = Some(cc);
ret
/// Return the ASN the IP address is in, if this data is available.
pub fn lookup_asn(&self, ip: IpAddr) -> Option<u32> {
let cc = match ip {
IpAddr::V4(v4) => self.map_v4.get2(&v4.into()),
IpAddr::V6(v6) => self.map_v6.get2(&v6.into()),
};
cc.map(|nz| nz.get())
/// A type that can be an address entry in one of our databases.
trait DbAddress: FromStr {
/// The integer that we use to represent this kind of address.
type Int;
/// Convert this address to an integer.
fn to_int(&self) -> Self::Int;
impl DbAddress for u32 {
type Int = u32;
fn to_int(&self) -> Self::Int {
*self
impl DbAddress for Ipv6Addr {
type Int = u128;
(*self).into()
/// A line as returned by [`parse_line`].
type ParsedLine<T> = (RangeInclusive<T>, Option<CountryCode>, Option<Asn>);
/// Parse a single line from a database, expecting addresses of type T.
/// Return Ok(None) if the line is empty.
fn parse_line<T: DbAddress>(line: &str) -> Result<Option<ParsedLine<T::Int>>, Error>
Error: From<<T as FromStr>::Err>,
if line.starts_with('#') {
return Ok(None);
let line = line.trim();
if line.is_empty() {
let mut split = line.split(',');
let from = split
.next()
.ok_or(Error::BadFormat("empty line somehow?".into()))?
.parse::<T>()?
.to_int();
let to = split
.ok_or(Error::BadFormat("line with insufficient commas".into()))?
let cc = split
.ok_or(Error::BadFormat("line with insufficient commas".into()))?;
let cc = match cc {
"" => None,
cc => OptionCc::from_str(cc)?.0,
let asn = split.next().map(|x| x.parse::<u32>()).transpose()?;
// Treat "0" as "no asn".
let asn = asn.map(NonZeroU32::try_from).transpose().ok().flatten();
Ok(Some((from..=to, cc, asn)))
/// A (representation of a) host on the network which may have a known country code.
pub trait HasCountryCode {
/// Return the country code in which this server is most likely located.
/// This is usually implemented by simple GeoIP lookup on the addresses provided by `HasAddrs`.
/// It follows that the server might not actually be in the returned country, but this is a
/// halfway decent estimate for what other servers might guess the server's location to be
/// (and thus useful for e.g. getting around simple geo-blocks, or having webpages return
/// the correct localised versions).
/// Returning `None` signifies that no country code information is available. (Conflicting
/// GeoIP lookup results might also cause `None` to be returned.)
fn country_code(&self) -> Option<CountryCode>;
/// An export of a GeoIp database in a raw format suitable for embedding.
/// This format is deliberately undocumented, and not for other uses.
#[allow(clippy::exhaustive_structs, missing_docs)]
pub struct RawGeoipDbExport<'a> {
pub ipv4_starts: &'a [u32],
pub ipv4_ccs: &'a [Option<CountryCode>],
pub ipv4_asns: Option<&'a [Option<NonZeroU32>]>,
pub ipv6_starts: &'a [u128],
pub ipv6_ccs: &'a [Option<CountryCode>],
pub ipv6_asns: Option<&'a [Option<NonZeroU32>]>,
impl<'a> RawGeoipDbExport<'a> {
/// Save the contents of this export into a set of data files in "Path".
pub fn save(&self, path: &std::path::Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
use std::fs::write;
fn into_bytes<'a, T>(data: &'a [T]) -> &'a [u8] {
// SAFETY: Every possible bit sequence is a valid u8.
let (pre, data, post) = unsafe { data.align_to::<u8>() };
write(path.join("geoip_data_v4s"), into_bytes(self.ipv4_starts))?;
write(path.join("geoip_data_v4c"), into_bytes(self.ipv4_ccs))?;
if let Some(asns) = self.ipv4_asns {
write(path.join("geoip_data_v4a"), into_bytes(asns))?;
write(path.join("geoip_data_v6s"), into_bytes(self.ipv6_starts))?;
write(path.join("geoip_data_v6c"), into_bytes(self.ipv6_ccs))?;
if let Some(asns) = self.ipv6_asns {
write(path.join("geoip_data_v6a"), into_bytes(asns))?;
Ok(())
#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
// @@ begin test lint list maintained by maint/add_warning @@
#![allow(clippy::bool_assert_comparison)]
#![allow(clippy::clone_on_copy)]
#![allow(clippy::dbg_macro)]
#![allow(clippy::mixed_attributes_style)]
#![allow(clippy::print_stderr)]
#![allow(clippy::print_stdout)]
#![allow(clippy::single_char_pattern)]
#![allow(clippy::unwrap_used)]
#![allow(clippy::unchecked_time_subtraction)]
#![allow(clippy::useless_vec)]
#![allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
#![allow(clippy::string_slice)] // See arti#2571
//! <!-- @@ end test lint list maintained by maint/add_warning @@ -->
use super::*;
use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
// NOTE(eta): this test takes a whole 1.6 seconds in *non-release* mode
#[test]
fn embedded_db() {
let db = GeoipDb::new_embedded();
assert_eq!(
db.lookup_country_code(Ipv4Addr::new(8, 8, 8, 8).into())
.map(|x| x.as_ref()),
Some("US")
);
db.lookup_country_code("2001:4860:4860::8888".parse().unwrap())
fn cc_rep() {
let italy = CountryCode::new("IT").unwrap();
assert_eq!(italy.as_ref(), "IT");
fn basic_lookups() {
let src_v4 = r#"
16909056,16909311,GB
"#;
let src_v6 = r#"
dead:beef::,dead:ffff::,??
fe80::,fe81::,US
let db = GeoipDb::new_from_legacy_format(src_v4, src_v6, true).unwrap();
db.lookup_country_code(Ipv4Addr::new(1, 2, 3, 4).into())
Some("GB")
db.lookup_country_code(Ipv4Addr::new(1, 1, 1, 1).into()),
None
db.lookup_country_code("fe80::dead:beef".parse().unwrap())
db.lookup_country_code("fe81::dead:beef".parse().unwrap()),
db.lookup_country_code("dead:beef::1".parse().unwrap()),
fn cc_parse() -> Result<(), Error> {
// real countries.
assert_eq!(CountryCode::from_str("us")?, CountryCode::from_str("US")?);
assert_eq!(CountryCode::from_str("UY")?, CountryCode::from_str("UY")?);
// not real as of this writing, but still representable.
assert_eq!(CountryCode::from_str("A7")?, CountryCode::from_str("a7")?);
assert_eq!(CountryCode::from_str("xz")?, CountryCode::from_str("xz")?);
// Can't convert to two bytes.
assert!(matches!(
CountryCode::from_str("z"),
Err(Error::BadCountryCode(_))
));
CountryCode::from_str("🐻❄️"),
CountryCode::from_str("Sheboygan"),
// Can convert to two bytes, but still not printable ascii
CountryCode::from_str("\r\n"),
CountryCode::from_str("\0\0"),
CountryCode::from_str("¡"),
// Not a country.
CountryCode::from_str("??"),
Err(Error::NowhereNotSupported)
fn opt_cc_parse() -> Result<(), Error> {
CountryCode::from_str("br")?,
OptionCc::from_str("BR")?.0.unwrap()
assert!(OptionCc::from_str("??")?.0.is_none());